War of the Roses, Battle of Bosworth, Battle of Barnet medieval prints of Richard III, Richard Duke of Gloucester.

The Battles of the War of the Roses
1455     Battle of St Albans 1459     Battle of Blore Heath 1459     Battle of Ludford 1460     Battle of Sandwich 1460     Battle of Northampton 1460     Battle of Wakefield 1461     Battle of St Albans 1461     Battle of Ferrybridge 1461     Battle of Towton	1464    Battle of Hedgeley Moor 1464    Battle of Hexham 1469    Battle of Banbury 1470    Battle of Lose-coat Field 1471    Battle of Ravenspur 1471    Battle of Barnet 1471    Battle of Tewkesbury 1485    Battle of Bosworth

War of the Roses 1455 - 1485

England became engulfed in a civil war between the houses, of York and Lancaster. The reigning monarch the weak Lancastrian King Henry VI (who also suffered periods of madness) His week leadership developed  the rivalry between the two houses which flared up in warfare in 1455 at the battle of St Albans. in 1461 King Henry VI was deposed and the Yorkist claimant Edward IV became king. The fighting still continued and in 1470 Kind Henry VI was re crowned.

Edward IV rallied his Yorkist army at the battle of Tewksbury captured Queen Margaret, and Killed The Young Edward (son of King Henry and Queen Margaret). Soon after this battle Henry IV died mysteriously soon after.  This ended the main period of the Civil war.

Twelve years later King Edward IV died, his successor being his 13 year old son Edward V was overthrown by his uncle The Duke of Gloucester, and assumed the crown as Kind Richard the third. In the  Final battle of the Civil war in 1485 at Bosworth, King Richard was killed and the thrown was taken by The Earl of Richmond King Henry VII.   King Henry adopted the flag of a red and white rose and established the Tudor Dynasty.  The Tudor Dynasty would rule England for over 100 years.

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The Battle of Barnet was fought in a heavy mist, on Easter Sunday 14th April 1471. Due to a misalignment of the opposing armies, all became confusion. The centre of the battle (as depicted here) was fought at close quarters, a mass of struggling knights and men at arms with comrade fighting comrade, their vision of the battle obscured by mist. The Yorkist's under the leadership of King Edward IV triumphed, leaving the Lancastrians with hopes dashed. Their champion and leader, the great Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 'The King Maker' lay dead, cut down while struggling to regain his charger. In the painting Edward IV charges toward the banner of Henry Holland, Duke of Exeter, while in the foreground soldiers of the Houses of York and Lancaster hack and slash at each other in terrified butchery.

Original oil painting for sale 30" x20" price £2,200    

Richard III is shown about to be unhorsed at the Battle of Bosworth.  Latest in the series of medieval battles

Signed Limited Edition of 1,150 prints plus 50 artists proofs. From the limited edition 50 are available as Giclee canvas prints at a larger size of 30" x 20". Canvas print price £420 or 36" x 24" price £550 ($850). To know more about Giclee prints and our range click here. 

Print Serial Number DHM1315. Print image size 25 x 15". Print price £80 ($145). 

Artists proof price £115 ($200).  

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The decisive battle of the War of the Roses was fought near Market Bosworth. Richard of Gloucester, the last Plantagenate King of England was to "try consequences" with Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond,. The bloody conflict began in the traditional manner with the opposing armies drawn up in a line, facing one another, except for the forces of Thomas Neville, Lord Stanley, as yet uncommitted to either side. King Richard III is seated astride his grey charger in his fine blued harness. He is accompanied by his personal standard and the royal standard, alongside that of Lord Zouch to his right. His herald, trumpet are at his side. To his left Richard's Chamberlain and Admiral, Viscount Lord Lovel, sits ready, astride his mount. To the rear, the rest of the household and choice force of cavalry, kept out of shot to avoid unnecessary casualties amongst the expensive war horses.

Edward IV and Lancastrian Fugitives at Tewkesbury Abbey.

Open edition print. Restricted to 800 copies.  Image size 25" x 14" (64cm x 36cm).

Order Code DHM1134.  

Price £42.

On December 30th, 1460, the heirs of the Lancastrian Nobles killed at St. Albans found themselves able to avenge their father's deaths when their army trapped the Duke of York and Earl of Salisbury in Sandal Castle, near Wakefield. Lured out from the safety of the castle walls and into open battle, York's heavily outnumbered force found themselves surrounded and in the fierce melee that followed, York and many of his followers lost their lives, his son, Edmund, amongst them.

The Earl of Salisbury was captured and taken to Pontefract by the Duke of Somerset where he was summarily executed, his head joining those of the other Yorkist leaders over the gates of York.

However, the Lancastrian triumph was to be short lived, for they were almost totally annihilated three months later at the battle of Towton.

Open edition print.  Paper size 15" x 12" (38cm x 31cm).  Order code GT12.   Price £20 

Open edition print.  Paper size 30" x 24" (76cm x 61cm).  Order code GT11.    Price £40.

Text for 'The Battle of St Albans'

On the 22nd May 1455, the struggle for control of the government of England boiled over into armed conflict in the first battle of what would become known as the Wars of the Roses. The following thirty years would see the throne itself become the prize for the rival Royal houses of Lancaster and York.  When King Henry VI regained his sanity in January 1455, the Duke of York`s brief protectorate came to an end and his chief rival, the Duke of Somerset, regained his position of influence at court.  York withdrew to the north and began mustering men, supported by his brother in law, the Earl of Salisbury, and Salisbury`s son, Richard Neville, the Earl of Warwick, later known as the `Kingmaker`.  Advancing towards London, the Yorkist force found the Royal army positioned in the small town of St. Albans. When negotiations for the Duke of Somerset's surrender broke down, York`s men stormed the town`s defences while Warwick broke into the market place through alleys and gardens, attacking the Lancastrian centre.  At first the two sides negotiated, with the Yorkists protesting their loyalty to the King but demanding that Somerset be surrendered to them.  The Lancastrian's refused and York's men stormed the town's defences while Warwick broke into the market place through alleys and gardens, attacking the Lancastrian centre.  Somerset, Northumberland and Clifford were amongst those killed in the fighting and the King was slightly wounded in the neck by an arrow.  Pardoned by the King after the battle, the Duke of York became protector once again, but this unstable situation would not last for long before the old rivalries led to further bloodshed.  

Features from left to right : Duke of York's Standard; Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York; Earl of Warwick's coat of arms; Earl of Warwick's Standard; Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick;Duke of Somerset;'s Standard.

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 Features left to right : Neville Banner; William Stanley's Banner; Maurice Berkeley's Banner; Duke of Clarence's Standard; Royal Standard; Edward IV; Standard of Edward IV; Duke of Norfolk's Standard; Duke of Gloucester's Standard; John Harper's Banner; Christopher Worsley's Banner; Duke of Somerset's Standard.

Having reclaimed the throne of England and defeated the Earl of Warwick at the battle of Barnet, the Yorkist King, Edward IV, marched his forces from London to intercept those of Margaret of Anjou (wife of the Lancastrian Henry VI) and her son, Prince Edward, who had landed at Weymouth and were heading for Wales where supporters awaited them.

Denied entry to Gloucester and it's bridge over the River Severn, Margaret was forced to march her exhausted army to the next crossing point - at Tewkesbury. Here, with the Royal army hard on their heels and insufficient time to cross the river, they turned to confront their pursuers, the two armies meeting on the 4th May 1471.

Following a heavy bombardment from the King's artillery, Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset, led the Lancastrian right wing through the deep ditches and hedges that intersected the battlefield and attacked the Yorkist left, under the command of Edward's younger brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. However, the other Lancastrian divisions failed to support the attack and Somerset's men were soon outflanked and routed, the rest of Margaret's army disintegrating in defeat.

Open edition print.  Paper size 34" x 24" (86cm x 61cm).  Order code GT10.   Price £40

Following the death of the Earl of Warwick at the battle of Barnet in 1471, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was granted the Lordship of Middleham in Yorkshire. He had spent many formative years there as a boy, in the care of Warwick, and it is generally accepted that he preferred Middleham to his other castles. In 1472 he married Warwick's youngest daughter, Anne Neville, and their only son, Edward, was born in the castle in c.1473.

Open edition print.  Paper size 20" x 17" (51cm x 43cm).  Order code GT9.

Price £30

With the two armies locked together in fierce hand to hand combat, Henry, surrounded by only a small body of men, becomes isolated from his main force. Seeing a chance to end the battle with one decisive stroke, Richard leads his household knights and retainers in a thunderous charge, seeking out his adversary.

Open edition print.  Paper size 33" x 24" (84cm x 61cm).  Order code GT8.

Price £40

Text for 'Battle of Bosworth' print.

After three decades of civil strife between the Royal houses of Lancaster and York, now known as the Wars of the Roses, the army of the Yorkist King, Richard III, confronted the invading force of Henry Tudor, the Lancastrian claimant to the English throne, on the 22nd August 1485 near Market Bosworth in Leicestershire.  With the two armies locked together in fierce hand to hand combat, Henry, surrounded by only a small body of men, becomes isolated from his main force.  Seeing a chance to end the battle with one decisive stroke, Richard leads his household knights in a thunderous charge, seeking out his enemy.  The unfortunate Sir William Brandon is unhorsed by the King's lance and Tudor's Red Dragon standard falls to the ground.  To the left, Sir John Cheyney spurs his horse on to challenge the King and Henry Tudor's mount rears up, startled by the deafening noise of battle.  However, the hitherto uncommitted forces of Sir William Stanley can be seen approaching and their intervention on Tudor's side will lead to the defeat and death of Richard III, the last Plantagenet King of England, and the succession of Henry Tudor as Henry VII.

Features in print from left to right : Sir John Cheyney's Banner; Sir John Cheyney; Henry Tudor; Sir William Stanley's Banner; Sir William Brandon; Henry Tudor's Standard; Richard III; Richard III's Standard; Sir Richard Ratcliffe's Banner; Sir Richard Charleton; Sir Thomas Gower's Banner; Sir Robert Brackenbury.

When Richard III succeeded his brother, Edward IV, in 1483, he found his throne threatened by the Lancastrian Henry Tudor, who was then exiled in France. Two years later, Henry landed in Wales with a small force and on the 22nd August 1485, he confronted the Royal army near Market Bosworth in Leicestershire.

Open edition print.  Paper size 16" x 12" (41cm x 31cm).  Order code GT7.

Price £20 

]]>http://mcquire.bloghi.com/2006/03/08/war-of-the-roses-a-historrical-event.html#comments http://mcquire.bloghi.com/2006/03/08/my-ciphers.html http://mcquire.bloghi.com/2006/03/08/my-ciphers.html#comments Wed, 08 Mar 2006 04:59:28 +0000 http://mcquire.bloghi.com/2006/03/08/my-ciphers.html The "Albanian" Alphabet as preserved in Armenian Tradition (Preliminary account) Ms. no. 7117, fol. 142r and 142v, from the Erevan Matenadaran (Reproduced from Annual of Ibero-Caucasian Linguistics 8, 1981, 225-6) ...

The "Albanian" Alphabet as preserved in Armenian Tradition

(Preliminary account)

Ms. no. 7117, fol. 142r and 142v, from the Erevan Matenadaran
(Reproduced from Annual of Ibero-Caucasian Linguistics 8, 1981, 225-6)

(Preliminary account)

Ms. no. 7117, fol. 142r and 142v, from the Erevan Matenadaran
(Reproduced from Annual of Ibero-Caucasian Linguistics 8, 1981, 225-6)

Proposed readings of letters and letter names
Letter	Name	Abramyan	Šaniʒe	Hewsen	Murav'ev	Gippert
		altՙ			altՙ	altՙ
		*betՙ			odetՙ	*betՙ
		*gim			zim	*gim
		*dat			gaṭ	*dat
		*eb			ēb	*eb
		zar̄l			zar̄l	zar̄l
		*ēn			en	*ēn
		*yil			žil	žil
		tՙas			tՙas	tՙas
					č̣a	ča
					yowd	yowd
					ža	ža
					irb	irb
					ša	ša
					lan	lan
					ina	ina
					xēn	xēn
					dan	dan
					č̣ar̄	čar̄
					zox	zox
					ḳar	kar
					liṭ	lit
					hēṭ	hēt
					hay	hay
					ar	ar
			cՙoy		yoy	yoy
					č̣i	či
					čՙay	čՙay
					maḳ	mak
					ḳar̄	kar̄
					nowcՙ	nowcՙ
					ǯay	ǯay
					šakՙ	šakՙ
					ǯayn	ǯayn
					own	own
					ṭay	tay
					xam	xam
					ʒay	ʒay
					čՙaṭ	čՙat
					ṗen	pen
					ġēs	ġēs
					ḳaṭ	*rat
					sēḳ	sēk
					vēz	vēz
					ṭiwr	tiwr
					soy	soy
					ion	ion
					c̣aw	caw
					cՙayn	cՙayn
					yayd	yayd
					pՙiwr	pՙiwr
					kՙiw	kՙiw

Letters in given order and their presumable meaning
A	B	(G)	(D)	(E)	Z	E2	Ž	T˓	Č	Y	Ž2	I
Š	L	I2	X	D2	Č2	Z2	K	L2	H	H2	A2	C˓2
Č3	Č˓	M	K2	N	Ǯ	Š2	Ǯ2	O	T	X2	Ʒ	Č˓2
P	Ġ	(R)	S	V	T2	S2	I3	C	C˓	W	P˓	K˓